托福阅读长难句精讲： 定语从句中关系代词的省略

## 托福阅读长难句 The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their nests merely scrapes in the earth. ### 【子句拆分】 并列句1: The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds involve plovers, small birds. 定语从句： Birds typically nest on beaches or in open fields. 并列句2：Their nests merely scrapes in the earth. ### 【成分划分】 并列句1： The most thoroughly studied cases [主语] of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds [定语] involve [谓语] plovers, [宾语] small birds. [同位语] 翻译： 地面筑巢的鸟类会使用一些精心策划的骗术，在这些骗术中涉及到一种小鸟——千鸟。 连接词：that 定语从句： Birds [主语] typically [状语] nest [谓语] on beaches [状语] or [连接词] in open fields. [状语] 翻译：鸟通常在海滩或在空旷的地方筑巢。 连接词：and 并列句2： Their nests [主语] merely scrapes [谓语] in the earth. [状语] 翻译： 它们的巢只是勉强地筑在泥土里。 连接词： when 状语从句： The steam [主语] condensed [谓语] inside the cylinder [状语] to form a vacuum. [状语] 翻译： 在汽缸内部的蒸汽压缩形成真空环境。 ### 【全句翻译】 地面筑巢的鸟类会使用一些精心策划的骗术，在这些骗术中涉及到一种小鸟——千鸟，这种小鸟通常在海滩或在空旷的地方筑巢，它们的巢只是勉强地筑在土地上。 ## 知识点梳理 ### 定语从句中关系代词的省略 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词在以下几种情况时可以省略： 1. 关系代词充当宾语或表语的时候可省略。 如： The modern aero-plane is not the machine (that) it was when first invented. 翻译： 现代飞机已不是最先发明时的那种样子了。 2. 关系代词充当宾语补足语时可以省略。 如： He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school. 翻译：他就是学生认为学校中最好的那个老师。 3. 在 there be 结构出现定语从句， 或在定语从句中有 there be 结构，关系代词可省略。 如： These are the only books (that) there are on this subject in our library. 翻译： 我们图书馆关于这个问题的书,全都在这里了。 如： There was a Mr. Johnson (who) called to see you this morning. 翻译：有一个叫 Johnson 先生的今天早上打电话来说要见你。 4. 先行词时 way ,且在定语从句中充当方式状语时，关系代词 in which, that 可省略。 如： That was the way(in which / that) she worked the problem out. 翻译： 她就是用那种办法解决问题的。