托福听力28分,我只做了一件事:高效记笔记!
2017 年 12 月 06 日
来源:网络
摘要:所谓得听力者得天下,听力分数高,提升快,就相当于吃了一颗定心丸。今天大师向大家推荐一篇好文:学会如何高效地记笔记!想要考托福听力28分的同学快快收藏吧!
### 笔记符号与缩写
1.标准缩写
cf = compare<br/>
e.g. = example<br/>
dept = department<br/>
2.只使用单词的第一个音节
pol = politics<br/>
dem = democracy<br/>
lib = liberal<br/>
cap = capitalism<br/>
3.使用第一个音节和第二个音节或字母
pres = presentation<br/>
subj = subject<br/>
ind = individual<br/>
cons = conservative
4.省略最后的几个字母
assoc = associate<br/>
biol = biology<br/>
info = information<br/>
ach = achievement<br/>
chem = chemistry<br/>
max = maximum<br/>
intro = introduction<br/>
conc = concentration<br/>
min = minimum<br/>
rep = repetition
5.省略元音,只保留辅音
ppd = prepared<br/>
prblm = problem<br/>
estmt = estimate<br/>
bkgd = background<br/>
gvt = government<br/>
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.<br/>
am't = amount<br/>
cont'd = continued<br/>
gov't = government<br/>
educat'l = educational
6.通过添加s来形成符号或缩写词的复数。
chpts = chapters<br/>
egs = examples<br/>
fs = frequencies<br/>
intros = introductions<br/>
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking<br/>
estg = establishing<br/>
decrg = decreasing<br/>
exptg = experimenting<br/>
Tips
※Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples: <br/>
in <br/>
but <br/>
as <br/>
key
※Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples: <br/>
is <br/>
was <br/>
were
※Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples: <br/>
a <br/>
an <br/>
the <br/>
※Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples: <br/>
@ at<br/>
2 to<br/>
4 for<br/>
& and <br/>
w/ with <br/>
w/o without <br/>
vs against <br/>
= therefore<br/>
= = is or equal
7. Use technical symbols where applicable.
zb = German, for example<br/>
ibid = Latin, the same work<br/>
o = degrees<br/>
H2O = water<br/>
+ plus<br/>
// parallel
8. Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of <---><br/>
resulting in ---><br/>
and / also +<br/>
equal to / same as =<br/>
following ff<br/>
most importantly *<br/>
less than <<br/>
greater than > especially esp/
### 缩略词
1.拿掉所有元音
MKT: market<br/>
MGR: manager<br/>
MSG: message<br/>
STD: standard<br/>
RCV: receive
2.保留前几个字母
INFO information<br/>
INS insurance<br/>
EXCH exchange<br/>
I owe you IOU<br/>
In stead of I/O
3.保留开头和结尾个发音字母
WK week<br/>
RM room<br/>
PL people
4.根据发音
R are<br/>
THO though<br/>
THRU throu
### 字母、图像
Z 表示"人"people/person:因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如:日本人:JZ。
C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母 C 读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用 C 来表示 govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZ
P 表示政治:politics, political 希腊字母P 读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么 politician 就可以表示为 PZ
E 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率:efficient, effective。G 为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀":inflation 因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture 经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业:business。
C× 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict, confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。
W 表示工作,职业:work, employ 等。它是work 的第一个字母。所以WZ 就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z 在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
i 表示工业:industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U 内填入2××××,就可以表示为 bilateral(双边的),填入3 表示为 trilateral (三边的)。填入在U 中填入1 表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m
(multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U 上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等:country, state, nation, etc.gO 表示进口,Og 表示出口,这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.
T 表示"领导人":leader, head 那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT
⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的:international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
J 表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.
L 表示不满、生气:unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO 表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.
O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
### 箭头
g 表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc.
f 表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc.
h 表示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc.
表示发射、投放市场、发行:launch,open, start, etc.
表示发展、加强、推进:develop,strengthen, promote, etc
表示"波折":ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.
### 数学符号
+ 表示"多":many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级:more
+3 表示"多"的最高级:most
- 表示"少":little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
× 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.
">"表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
< 表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc.
= 表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say, in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.
<>表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( ) 表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.
≠ 表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.
~ 表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so, approximately, etc.
/ 表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.
### 标点等
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?
. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."
∧ 表示转折
√ 表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.
表示"同意"状态,stand up for,support, agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆ 表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的) best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.
n 表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc.
& 表示"和","与":and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc.
∥ 表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
### 较长单词的处理办法
-ism 简写为 m 例如:socialism --- Sm
-tion 简 简写为 n 例如:standardization (标准化) --- stdn
-cian 简 简写为 o 例如:technician --- techo
-ing 简写为 g 例如:marketing (市场营销) --- MKTg
-ed 简写为 d 例如:accepted --- acptd
-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如:available --- avbl
-ment 简写为 mt 例如:amendment --- amdmt
-ize 简写为 z 例如:recognize --- regz
-ful 简写为 fl 例如:meaningful --- mnf
高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表<br/>
缩略词 原词<br/>
APT Apartment<br/>
ACC Accountant<br/>
ACDG According<br/>
ACPT Accept<br/>
AD Advertisement<br/>
ADS Address<br/>
ADV Advice<br/>
AMAP As much/many as possible<br/>
AMT Amount<br/>
APV Approve<br/>
ASAP As soon as possible<br/>
BAL Balance<br/>
BLDG Building<br/>
CERT Certificate<br/>
CFM Conform<br/>
CNCL Cancel<br/>
CNF Conference<br/>
CMI Commission<br/>
CMP Complete<br/>
CMPE Compete/competitive<br/>
CMU Communication<br/>
CONC Concern/concerning/concerned<br/>
COND Condition<br/>
CO. Company<br/>
DEPT Department<br/>
DISC Discount<br/>
DPT Departure<br/>
EXCH Exchange<br/>
EXPLN Explain<br/>
EXT Extent<br/>
FLT Flight<br/>
FNT Final<br/>
FRT Freight<br/>
FYR For your reference<br/>
GD Good<br/>
GUAR Guarantee<br/>
H.O. Home office<br/>
INFO Information<br/>
IMPS Impossible<br/>
IMP(T) Important<br/>
INCD Include<br/>
INDIV Individual<br/>
INS Insurance<br/>
INTST Interested<br/>
I/O In stead of<br/>
IOU I owe you<br/>
IVO In view of<br/>
MANUF Manufacture<br/>
MDL Model<br/>
MEMO Memorandum<br/>
MGR Manger<br/>
MIN Minimum<br/>
MKT Market<br/>
MSG Message<br/>
NCRY Necessary<br/>
NLT No later than<br/>
OBS Observe<br/>
OBT Obtain<br/>
ORD Ordinary<br/>
PAT Patent<br/>
PC Piece<br/>
PKG Packing<br/>
PL People<br/>
PLS Please<br/>
POSN Position<br/>
POSS(BL) Possible<br/>
PROD Product<br/>
QLTY Quality<br/>
QUTY Quantity<br/>
RCV Receive<br/>
REF Reference<br/>
REGL Regular<br/>
REP Representative<br/>
RESN Reservation<br/>
RPT Repeat<br/>
RESPON Responsible<br/>
SEC Section<br/>
SITN Situation<br/>
STD Standard<br/>
TEL Telephone<br/>
TEMP Temporary<br/>
TGM Telegraph<br/>
THO Though<br/>
TKS Thanks<br/>
TRD Trade<br/>
TRF Traffic<br/>
TTL Total<br/>
U You<br/>
UR Your<br/>
WK Week<br/>
WL Will
WT Weight
XL Extra large
以上就是给大家推荐的托福听力8分,大家一定要多加努力,熟能生巧。最后,预祝大家托福考试能取得理想的成绩。