托福阅读题型介绍：指示题和推断题

托福阅读的一些基本题目类型有，词汇题（Vocabulary）、细节题（Detail）、目的题（Purpose）、反面事实细节题（Negative Factual Information）、重要信息题（Essential Information）、指示题（Reference）、推断题（Inference）。 ### 托福阅读指示题 指示题的题目类型类似于词汇题。文中会有一个词，这个词通常是代词，会在段落中高亮显示。你会被问到高亮显示的词是指什么。如果这是一个代词，那么你需要确定代词代替的是文中的哪个词。 样题示例： >段落节选： > > The astrological nature of the Mayan use of astronomical data explains in part why so few written records exist of that data. The Mayans believed that the passage of the sun continued throughout the night, only, then, **it** was traveling through the underworld. This was believed to be a perilous journey, with many demonic figures lurking in the darkness, waiting to ambush the sun to prevent it from returning to the sky at dawn. > > 题目： > > The word **it** in the passage refers to > > A. night > B. sun > C. passage > D. data > >解析：（B）是正确答案。这句话描述了太阳所采取的路径。其他答案虽然都是出现在段落中的单词，但和太阳运行并不相关。 ### 托福阅读推断题 推断题可以通过题干中的“infer”一词或“imply”或“suggest”来识别。推理是指只有在文本中暗示的东西，它不是直接陈述的东西。你需要能够理解阅读段落中的所有概念，从而能够从逻辑上看到作者正在试图暗示什么。 样题示例： > Derived from the penicillium mold, penicillin is one of the most powerful antibacterial agents ever developed. Penicillin and its derivatives have saved countless millions of lives by reducing once lethal infections to the status of minor inconveniences. Countless others have kept limbs that once would have needed amputating to stop the spread of an infection because penicillin stopped that spread in its tracks. The history of the discovery of such a wondrous medicine is long and complicated, but the man who normally gets the credit for discovering it is Alexander Fleming, who published papers on penicillin in 1928. It is well-known that several others, including a French medical student and a Costa Rican scientist, had noted the mold's antibacterial properties prior to Fleming. However, it was Fleming who drew the attention of the Western scientific establishment to the mold, and whose work eventually led to penicillin being developed into a potent medicine. > > 题目: What can be inferred from paragraph 1? > > A. Mortality rates from infections are much lower today than they were in the 1920s. > B. Penicillin has proven very useful but can also have potentially deadly side effects. > C. Alexander Fleming was disorganized in several aspects of his professional life. > D. A Costa Rican scientist should really get the credit for first discovering penicillin. > >解析：（A）是正确答案。因为直到1928年青霉素才被发现，所以20世纪二十年代的人们更经常地从青霉素治疗中被感染，这是是合乎逻辑的。（B）是不正确的，因为第1段着重于青霉素的发现，而不是它的副作用。（C）是不正确的，因为弗莱明被提及与发现有关，而不是因为他的工作习惯。（D）是不正确的，因为法国学生也认可了模具的属性，但是科学家们也没有把它们的发现与科学界分享。