托福阅读题目类型介绍：反面事实细节题和重要信息题

托福阅读题目的基本类型有：词汇题（Vocabulary）、细节题（Detail）、目的题（Purpose）、反面事实细节题（Negative Factual Information）、重要信息题（Essential Information）、指示题（Reference）、推断题（Inference）。 ### 托福阅读题目类型：反面事实细节题 反面事实细节题很容易识别，因为它在题干中会给出“EXCEPT”或“NOT”的字样。在4个答案选项中，你必须选择哪一个是错误的，这个错误的答案是没有在文章的细节中体现的。但是，由于是细节题，所以意味着你可能需要仔细阅读每一段，尝试找到一个你没有见过的内容，然后验证它在不在文章中。 样题示例： >段落节选： > > Their demise also resulted in the extinction of a half-dozen species of forest insects and the severe crippling of other animal populations such as the wild turkey: these all relied on the American Chestnut as a source of habitat and food. Affected wildlife attempted to adapt to their disrupted environment by looking to other species of trees, such as the Acorn, and seed-bearing plants for food. This placed great ecological pressure on those species, as none could equal the American Chestnut in its ability to provide a consistently abundant crop of nuts. The problems the American Chestnut blight engendered thus show the ripple effects that can occur within any ecosystem when new elements are introduced in an unsound manner. > >题目: > > According to paragraph 3, all of the following were results of the wide disappearance of American Chestnut trees EXCEPT: > > A. The loss of creatures who required the tree's resources for their survival. > B. Overuse of other types of trees by wildlife attempting to compensate for the change. > C. A reduction in the total output of harvested nut crops within many major American forests. > D. Macro-changes to the environment in which the trees previously flourished. > >解析：（C）是正确答案。American Chestnut产出坚果，所以该类树木的损失实际上意味着坚果的损失；然而，American Chestnut在全美普及度不高，部分地区的树木损失未必导致所有主要森林的坚果损失。选项（A）是第3段第一句的重述：一些昆虫灭绝，野生火鸡数量下降。选项（B）重述段落的第二和第三句话。选项（D）涵盖了该段最后一句：American Chestnut造成了一些负面的影响，它破坏了其他生物赖以存活的环境。 ### 托福阅读题目类型：重要信息题 如果考生在阅读文章中看到整个句子高亮显示，那么它就是这种类型的题目。该问题将要求你从4个选项中选择与高亮句子意思一样的那一个。正确的句子比高亮显示的句子的表达和结果更简单，但仍然能传达所有重要的信息。不正确的句子会省略重要的细节，或不正确地表达细节或概念，或改变句子的本意。 样题示例： > Men are more likely to manifest recessive biological traits than women are, because some traits are what scientists call X-linked. This means that the genes responsible for expressing the recessive trait are found only on the X chromosome. **Men are much more likely to express these recessive traits, because the male genome consists of an X and a Y chromosome, whereas the female genome consists of two X chromosomes.** If the male X chromosome contains any genes capable of expressing recessive traits, those genes will therefore be free to manifest themselves, as there will be no corresponding genes to interfere with them. > > 题目: Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. > > A. The two X chromosomes in the female genome makes women more likely toexpress recessive traits than men because the male genome has two different chromosomes. > B. The two different chromosomes in the male's genetic make-up, instead of the same two chromosomes in the female genome, makes men likely to have more dominant traits than women. > C. Women are less likely than men to have recessive traits due to the differences between their genes. > D. The male genome is comprised of an X and a Y chromosome which allows recessive traits to be more readily found in men than in women as the female genome has two X chromosomes. > >解析：（D）是正确答案。所有正确的信息都包含在这个句子中。男性可能具有比女性更多的隐性特征，因为男性基因组具有X和Y染色体。女性基因组中的2X染色体使女性不易受影响。（A）是不正确的，因为它搞反了性别，说女人比男人身上会有更多的隐性特征。（B）是不正确的，因为它说男性会具有更多的主导特征，但实际上应该是隐性特征。选择项（C）没有足够的细节，并且，不是男性和女性**基因**之间的区别，而是**基因组**，使得隐性特征在男性中更常见。